Automatic Motion Planning for Complex Articulated Bodies

نویسنده

  • Jérôme Barraquand
چکیده

Much research has been devoted to path planning during the past decade, i.e. the geometrical problem of finding a collision-free path between two given postures (configurations) of an articulated body (robot) among obstacles. This problem has straightforward applications in robotic automation, computer aided design, and computer graphics animation. Current global techniques compute explicitly the non-colliding zones in configuration space. Thus, they require exponential space and time in the number of Degrees of Freedom (DOF) of the body. These methods are therefore untractable for more than 4 DOF. This report presents a new approach to path planning which does not require construction of an explicit description of the configuration space. The method consists of building and searching a graph connecting the local minima of a potential function defined over the configuration space. The graph is explored by means of a randomization technique that escapes the local minima by executing Brownian motions. This planner is considerably faster than previous path planners and it solves problems with many more degrees of freedom. Experiments are reported for several computer simulated robots, including rigid objects with 3 DOF (in 2D workspaces) and 6 DOF (in 3D workspaces) and articulated bodies with up to 30 DOF (in 2D and 3D workspaces). Résumé Le problème de la planification de trajectoire consiste à trouver des chemins sans collisions entre différentes postures (configurations) d’un corps articulé (robot), tout en évitant des obstacles définis par un modèle géométrique. Des applications directes existent en robotique, en conception assitée par ordinateur, et en synthèse de scènes graphiques animées. Les techniques actuelles, dites globales, calculent explicitement toutes les postures autorisées du corps articulé. Ainsi, elles nécessitent une espace mémoire et un temps de calcul exponentiels en fonction du nombre de degrés de liberté (DDL) du corps. Ces méthodes sont donc inutilisables pour plus de 4 DDL. Ce rapport présente une nouvelle approche ne nécessitant pas la construction explicite de l’espace des configurations. Son principe est de construire et d’explorer un graphe connectant les minima locaux d’une fonction de potentiel définie sur l’espace des configurations. Le graphe est exploré par une méthode aléatoire qui échappe des minimas locaux en exécutant des mouvements Browniens. Ce planificateur est considérablement plus rapide que les autres systèmes de planification et il résoud des problèmes ayant beaucoup plus de degrés de liberté. Des simulations effectuées sur différents robots sont présentées dans ce rapport, incluant des objets rigides avec 3 DDL (dans un espace de travail 2D), 6 DDL (dans un espace 3D), et des objets articulés ayant jusqu’à 30 DDL (dans des espaces 2D et 3D).

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تاریخ انتشار 1991